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The Encierro archive · 1944

Running of the Bulls 1944: San Fermín in Pamplona

San Fermín 1944 had four bull runs (encierros), at eight in the morning from Friday, July 7, to Monday, July 10. Only five bulls ran on the first day, and the programme announced five again for the second. On July 7, after heavy showers before dawn, “en el trayecto resbalaron los toros repetidas veces”: the bulls slipped again and again on the course and the herd split up, leaving bruised runners and a couple of wounded.2, 4, 5, 7

By Encierro · Last reviewed

4runs, July 7 to 10
8:00start, a.m.
5bulls ran on July 7

How the fiesta ran in 1944

The programme set dianas and “A las ocho se celebrará, según tradicional costumbre, el encierro”: the encierro at eight, by traditional custom.2 There were four runs, July 7 to 10; the programme for Monday, July 10 called it “el último encierro de los toros”, the last.1, 5, 7

After the first morning the paper was sour about the new hour. The ring was not full, “pese a la «comodidad» de la hora del encierro”, despite the “convenience” of the hour, and it ironically proposed holding the encierro at noon to draw even more runners, since runners were what there were too many of already.4

On the morning of the first run the paper recalled a story from about fifteen years before: in “el encierrillo de la noche”, as the Santa Coloma bulls were being taken up to the Rochapea corral, a kindly canon of Pamplona stepped out on the road and waved his cassock cloak at the herd, and a black bull shot out of it after him. The writer kept the canon’s name to himself.3

Every known encierro of 1944, by day and ranch

The encierros of San Fermín 1944, from the Diario de Navarra programmes and reports.
DateRunRanch (ganadería)What the paper reported
July 71José EscobarFive bulls; slipping on wet streets; a couple of wounded
July 82Antonio Pérez de San FernandoFive bulls; no incidents
July 93Atanasio FernándezA crush in the stands of the ring
July 104, lastCarmen de FedericoThe last encierro

The 1944 encierros, day by day

Run 1 of 4

· José Escobar

Start8:00 a.m.
Bulls5
HurtA couple wounded, others bruised

To avoid false alarms the programme warned that “en vez de seis, serán cinco los toros que corran hoy en el encierro”: five bulls would run, not six, because the sixth had been taken up to the ring before dawn the day before.2 Three or four heavy showers between four and six laid the dust and broke up the night revellers, but they made the run eventful: the bulls slipped again and again and the herd came apart. One entered the ring with a runner’s sash caught on a horn, in the company of three steers; two more followed with another pair of oxen; and two came in loose, mixed with the runners, and stayed in the arena, where the crowd played with them as if they were padded heifers. Neither Moncayola nor the two ring hands posted to bring in stragglers could do a thing, and in the end the bulls, worn out and half suffocated by the crush, could not even lift the people they caught. There were bruised runners and “un par de heridos”, a couple of wounded, but none of the consequences that had been feared.4 One of the Escobar bulls, a pied one, the paper later wrote, “perdonó la vida a media docena de los veinte insensatos”, spared the lives of half a dozen of the twenty fools who taunted it.8

Run 2 of 4

· Antonio Pérez de San Fernando

Start8:00 a.m.
Bulls5
IncidentsNone

The programme announced five bulls again instead of six: one had a broken horn and had to be put down, and its replacement was already in the ring corrals.4 Under a threatening sky, with the clouds dripping now and then and the ground wet, the run “no tuvo, afortunadamente, ningún incidente que registrar”. The bulls of Antonio Pérez, of San Fernando, slipping and tumbling now and then, ran the course among thick masses of runners. Two that lagged behind the herd were soon brought under control in the arena by Moncayola and the ring hands and taken to the corral, while the guards took charge of three of the people who had stopped the bulls and called them on in the ring.5

Run 3 of 4

· Atanasio Fernández

Start8:00 a.m.
DaySunday

“A las ocho de la mañana, encierro de los toros”: the Sunday programme, with the bulls of Atanasio Fernández, of Salamanca.6 The encierro ran without incident worth mention, the paper said, except for the dangerous crush in the ring: a post holding up the rope of section 7 of the stands gave way, and the guards had to pull out many people, most of them women and children, to keep them from suffocating. The number of runners was enormous, and some reckless people crossed in front of the bulls in the arena to draw them away from the herd, and did draw one away.7

Run 4 of 4, the last

· Carmen de Federico

Start8:00 a.m.
DayMonday

“A las ocho de la mañana, tendrá lugar el último encierro de los toros”, the programme announced, with the bulls of doña Carmen de Federico, of Seville.5 The last day was sunny and calm. Again the runners were countless, and again someone crossed in front of the herd in the arena and drew one bull away from it; otherwise the run passed without incident worth mention.7

San Fermín 1944 poster (cartel)

San Fermín 1944 poster (cartel) by León Astruc: two young women sit back to back, one in a white and red shawl with a coral necklace, the other in yellow with a white mantilla and red carnations, before the statue of San Fermín and the towers of Pamplona, with runners and bulls at the left and the shields of Navarre and Pamplona below
Cartel de San Fermín 1944. Poster of the Ferias y Fiestas de San Fermín 1944, signed León Astruc. Tap the poster to see it full size. See every San Fermín poster.9
San Fermín 1944 poster (cartel) by León Astruc: two young women sit back to back, one in a white and red shawl with a coral necklace, the other in yellow with a white mantilla and red carnations, before the statue of San Fermín and the towers of Pamplona, with runners and bulls at the left and the shields of Navarre and Pamplona below
Artist
León Astruc (signature)
Fiesta on the poster
Del 6 al 20 de julio
Printed by
T. G. Llauger, Barcelona

Two young women sit back to back in front of the statue of San Fermín and the towers of Pamplona: one in a white and red shawl with a coral necklace, the other in yellow with a white mantilla and an armful of red carnations. At the left, runners and bulls stream past, and the crowned shields of Navarre and Pamplona stand at the foot. The poster promises “emocionantes encierros”.9

Ollaquindía notes that the photographs in the 1944 programme were by Galle, two of them scenes of the encierro, and that the “zezenzusko”, the fire bull run for children aged eight to twelve from the Plaza Consistorial through Estafeta to the Plaza del Castillo, had begun the year before.10

Pamplona in 1944

The canon and the bull

A night encierrillo

The paper’s 1944 story of a Pamplona canon who, about fifteen years earlier, waved his cassock cloak at the Santa Coloma bulls during the night encierrillo to Rochapea, and had one come out of the herd after him.3

Words of 1944

Un par de heridos

The paper counted the cost of the wet first morning as “contusos y un par de heridos”, bruised and a couple of wounded. Those who stopped the bulls in the arena were “inconscientes”, heedless, and those who crossed before the herd “insensatos”, fools. The ring hands brought stragglers a mandamiento, under control.4, 5, 7, 8

Photographs

Where to see old photographs

The city’s photo archive, the Fototeca de Pamplona, holds historic photographs of the encierro, free to view online.11

San Fermín 1944: questions and answers

When were the bull runs of San Fermín 1944?

San Fermín 1944 had four bull runs at eight in the morning, from Friday, July 7, to Monday, July 10, 1944, with bulls of José Escobar, Antonio Pérez de San Fernando, Atanasio Fernández and Carmen de Federico.2, 1, 5, 6, 7

Why did only five bulls run on July 7, 1944?

Only five bulls ran on July 7, 1944 because the sixth had been taken up to the ring before dawn the day before, the programme warned; for July 8 it again announced five, because one bull had a broken horn and had to be put down.2, 4

Was anyone hurt in the 1944 running of the bulls?

Heavy showers before dawn on July 7, 1944 made the bulls slip again and again and the herd split up, leaving bruised runners and a couple of wounded, the Diario de Navarra reported. The runs of July 8, 9 and 10 had no incident worth mention, except a dangerous crush in the ring on July 9.4, 5, 7

What happened in the stands on July 9, 1944?

A post holding up the rope of section 7 of the stands gave way in the crush at the encierro of July 9, 1944, and the guards had to pull out many people, most of them women and children, to keep them from suffocating.7

What did the paper think of the eight o’clock start in 1944?

The Diario de Navarra was sour about the eight o’clock start after the first run of 1944: the ring was not full despite the “convenience” of the hour, and it ironically proposed holding the encierro at noon to draw even more runners.4

Who made the San Fermín 1944 poster?

León Astruc made the San Fermín 1944 poster, signed on the poster itself: two young women back to back before the statue of San Fermín and the towers of Pamplona, with runners and bulls streaming past.9

Sources

Numbers on the page refer to this list. Diario de Navarra pages are cited from its archive (hemeroteca); quotations in Spanish are given as printed, in the spelling of the day.

Full source list
  1. Diario de Navarra, July 5, 1944, page 2: society note: dances at the Casino Principal on four mornings “después de los encierros”. Diario de Navarra archive
  2. Diario de Navarra, July 7, 1944, page 3: programme for July 7, “A las ocho se celebrará, según tradicional costumbre, el encierro”; “en vez de seis, serán cinco los toros que corran hoy en el encierro”. Diario de Navarra archive
  3. Diario de Navarra, July 7, 1944, page 6: a memory of about fifteen years before: in “el encierrillo de la noche”, taking the Santa Coloma bulls up to Rochapea, a canon of Pamplona waved his cloak at the herd. Diario de Navarra archive
  4. Diario de Navarra, July 8, 1944, page 4: the encierro of July 7, after heavy showers from four to six, “en el trayecto resbalaron los toros repetidas veces”; “aunque con contusos y un par de heridos”; programme for July 8, five bulls again, one with a broken horn replaced. Diario de Navarra archive
  5. Diario de Navarra, July 9, 1944, page 5: “El encierro de ayer”, July 8, “no tuvo, afortunadamente, ningún incidente que registrar”; the bulls “de don Antonio Pérez, de San Fernando”; programme for July 10, “tendrá lugar el último encierro de los toros”. Diario de Navarra archive
  6. Diario de Navarra, July 9, 1944, page 4: programme for Sunday, July 9, “A las ocho de la mañana, encierro de los toros”; the bulls of don Atanasio Fernández, of Salamanca. Diario de Navarra archive
  7. Diario de Navarra, July 11, 1944, page 3: the last two days of the fiesta, July 9 and 10: “Los encierros de los toros se han realizado sin incidentes, dignos de mención”, apart from the Sunday crush in the ring; two bulls drawn out of the herd, one each day. Diario de Navarra archive
  8. Diario de Navarra, July 14, 1944, page 4: the pied Escobar bull that, in the encierro, “perdonó la vida a media docena de los veinte insensatos” who taunted it. Diario de Navarra archive
  9. The poster of the Ferias y Fiestas de San Fermín 1944 itself, “del 6 al 20 de julio”, “Emocionantes encierros”; ranches José Escobar, Antonio Pérez de San Fernando, Atanasio Fernández and Carmen de Federico; signed León Astruc; printed by T. G. Llauger, Barcelona.
  10. Ricardo Ollaquindía, 100 años de carteles de las fiestas y ferias de San Fermín (1882 to 1981), Pamplona, 1981, chapter “1944”. Free copy in the Biblioteca Navarra Digital (BiNaDi). binadi.navarra.es
  11. Fototeca de Pamplona, Archivo Municipal de Pamplona (photographs of the encierro, free to view online; publication needs the archive’s permission). archivo.pamplona.es
How to cite this page

Encierro. “Running of the Bulls 1944: San Fermín in Pamplona.” Encierro.com, November 9, 2026. https://encierro.com/san-fermin-1944/

Corrections and updates
  • : questions and answers rewritten around what people search, each answer with its sources; the poster labelled with its Spanish name, cartel.
  • : page published.

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